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Xiaoyi City Jingang Refractory Materials Co., Ltd. was established in 2019. It is a provincial-level specialized, refined, distinctive, and innovative enterprise, a national high-tech enterprise, an innovative small and medium-sized enterprise, and a municipal technology center.

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Product Description

Commodity name: Vertical kiln bauxite

A shaft kiln is a cylindrical kiln consisting of three zones—preheating, calcination, and cooling—and is an upflow–downflow heat‑exchange device with identical inner diameters at the top and bottom. It features a simple, robust structure, requires lower capital investment, achieves efficient heat utilization, and exhibits low fuel consumption, with an annual production capacity exceeding 60,000 tonnes.

Shaft Kiln Bauxite · Technical Manual

Shaft kiln Bauxite

A shaft kiln is a cylindrical kiln consisting of three zones—preheating, calcination, and cooling—and is an upflow–downflow heat‑exchange device with identical inner diameters at the top and bottom. It features a simple, robust structure, low capital investment, efficient heat utilization, and low fuel consumption, with an annual production capacity exceeding 60,000 tonnes.

Kiln type Upflow calcination in a vertical shaft kiln

Functional zoning Preheating · Calcination · Cooling

Annual production capacity ≥ 60,000 tons

Applicable raw materials 25–150 mm large ore pieces

Basic Definition

Bauxite is calcined in a shaft kiln, where the raw material and the gas flow move in counter‑current convection: the material descends from top to bottom, while the gas rises from bottom to top. This arrangement facilitates efficient heat and mass transfer between the media. Heat exchange is quite advantageous. , while also helping to improve production conditions, ensure product quality, and reduce energy consumption. Our company’s shaft kiln features a large internal diameter and high production capacity, Annual production capacity of over 60,000 tons 。

Complete production process

Manual sorting and grading of raw ore →

Screen out soil powder and impurities. →

25~150mm kiln entry →

Counter-current calcination →

Bottom cooling and discharge →

Manual sorting →

Crushing and Screening →

Aggregate / Fine Powder Product

Key limitations: Only large lumps of ore can be fired; powdered material and crushed ore have poor permeability and cannot be directly calcined in a shaft kiln. Manual sorting is required to remove underburned yellow material, overburned black‑hard lumps, and unburned raw material.

Main physicochemical indicators

Grade No.	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃ ≤	TiO₂ ≤	CaO+MgO ≤	K₂O+Na₂O ≤	Bulk density ≥ (g/cm³)	Water absorption ≤
90	≥ 90%	1.5%	4.0%	0.4%	0.30%	3.40	1.7%
88	≥ 88%	1.5%	4.0%	0.4%	0.30%	3.38	1.9%
85	≥ 85%	1.8%	4.0%	0.4%	0.30%	3.25	2.0%
80	≥ 80%	1.8%	4.0%	0.5%	0.25%	3.10	3.0%
70	≥ 70%	1.5%	4.0%	0.5%	0.25%	2.85	3.5%

Core Advantages

Lowest production cost

It features low capital investment, a small footprint, high thermal efficiency, and low fuel consumption, offering a cost‑performance ratio that far surpasses that of rotary kilns and homogenizing mills.

Simple manufacturing process and ample supply.

Small and medium-sized mines and small refractory manufacturers can all build their own shaft kilns, ensuring an ample supply in the market.

Large, sintered and solidified block

The large clinker exhibits dense internal sintering, with a high bulk density per piece and good intrinsic wear resistance.

Suitable for low-cost operating conditions

Suitable for cost-sensitive applications such as low‑grade castables, standard high‑alumina bricks, bauxite cement, and foundry coatings.

Obvious weakness

Weakness 01

Poor compositional uniformity

The material column in the kiln is statically piled, with severe temperature stratification: overfiring occurs in the center, while underfiring affects the edges. Within the same car and the same bag, fluctuations in Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ levels are significant, necessitating frequent adjustments to the downstream formulation and resulting in a higher scrap rate.

Weakness 02

Mixed-quality burnt products and high labor costs.

A large amount of manual sorting is required to remove underburned yellow material, overburned black‑hard lumps, and uncooked material, resulting in high labor costs.

Weakness 03

Only large chunks can be calcined.

Fine ore and powdered ore have poor permeability and cannot be utilized, resulting in low resource utilization.

Weakness 04

Coal combustion readily adsorbs fly ash.

Coal-fired shaft kilns readily adsorb coal ash, resulting in elevated levels of iron, alkali, and sulfur impurities, and are prone to forming low-melting-point glassy phases at high temperatures.

Weakness 05

Low degree of mullitization

Its high-temperature creep and thermal shock resistance are significantly inferior to those of rotary kiln clinker and homogenized mullite.

Vertical Kiln / Rotary Kiln / Homogenized Bauxite: A Horizontal Comparison

Comparison item

Shaft kiln bauxite

Alumina in a rotary kiln

Homogenized bauxite GL88

Calcination process

Vertical shaft kiln, large-piece direct firing

Rotational Dynamic Calcination

Wet-process ultrafine homogenization in a tunnel kiln

Uniform chemical process

None

Simple ore blending

Multi-stage co-grinding and homogenization

Ingredient stability

Poor, with high volatility.

Relatively good, with small fluctuations.

Excellent, with minimal deviation.

Bulk density g/cm³

3.0 ~ 3.15

3.18 ~ 3.28

3.28 ~ 3.38

Thermal Shock/Creep

Generally, creep is significant.

Medium

Relatively good, with strong resistance to alkaline slag.

Price

Minimum

Medium

Slightly high

Applicable Scenarios

Low-end castables, ordinary bricks, foundry powders, and wear-resistant aggregates

Ladle, low- and medium-temperature zones of cement kilns, mid-range refractories

Iron groove, cement clinkerization zone, high-end wear-resistant castable material

Main application scenarios

Low-cost refractory materials Primary Use

Common high-alumina bricks, clay-bonded castables, boiler wear-resistant linings, low-temperature furnace ramming masses, precast components

Foundry industry

Refractory powder and sodium silicate sand aggregate for steel and iron castings; suitable for small to medium-sized castings with modest performance requirements.

Abrasives and Building Materials

Low-grade brown corundum raw material, floor‑wear‑resistant aggregate, and refractory castable filler powder.

Chemical / Light Industry

Alumina cement, raw material for purified polyaluminum chloride, and filler for ordinary electrical porcelain bodies

Supply Specifications and Storage

Aggregate particle size

3-5 mm · 5-10 mm
10–20 mm large clinker chunks

Fine powder mesh count

200 mesh · 325 mesh

Packaging method

Ton bag · 25 kg woven bag

Storage Requirements

Strictly classify and stack materials.
Store materials separately by aluminum content and kiln type.

Shopping Recommendations

Budget Priority

Cost-sensitive demand

Limited budget, modest product performance requirements, and infrequent formula adjustments.

→ Select bauxite for shaft kilns

Batch stability

Mid-range, stable-demand segment

Large-scale stable production, with stringent requirements for minimal variation in key process parameters, under medium- to high-end steel‑making and slag‑handling conditions.

→ Select clinker from the rotary kiln

High-end consistency

High-end consistency requirements

High-temperature wear resistance, long-term erosion resistance, and extremely stringent requirements for product consistency.

→ Select homogenized bauxite

Thermal shock resistance takes priority.

Frequent alternating hot-and-cold operating conditions

Frequent thermal cycling and superior thermal shock resistance—abandon the shaft kiln charge.

→ Select sintered/homogenized mullite